The EMS Threat – USA Gov Policy

The U.S. General Accounting Office has released a study on a comparatively new and crucial area of defense: the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS.) The EMS is essential for facilitating control in defense on air, land, sea, space, and cyber domains. the natural range of frequencies that support various warfighting functions such as communications, navigation, and weapons usage.

The pervasiveness of the EMS across almost all warfighting operations means that maintaining or achieving EMS superiority against an adversary is critical to battlefield success. The Pentagon stresses that the EMS is essential for facilitating control within the operational environment and impacts all domains—air, land, sea, space and cyber—and portions of military operations.

According to DOD, America needs to control the spectrum to support warfighting functions or it risks losing control of the battlespace. Other military capabilities across warfighting domains require use of the electromagnetic spectrum. These include such things as signals intelligence on adversary transmissions, information operations that affect adversary decision-making, and command and control functions that link communications between U.S. forces.

Very troubling studies by the Department of Defense (DOD) and others reveal that China and Russia are highly aware of the importance of EMS. Both those nations have taken steps to improve their ability to threaten America’s ability to use and control this key area. China and Russia have invested decades in developing capabilities that could degrade DOD’s operations and affect superiority in the EMS,cyberoperations, and other elements of the information environment.

China in particular has made control of the EMS spectrum a key goal. The Report notes that “Drawing heavily on Chinese source documents, a 2018 RAND study further characterized China’s strategic military approach as one that emphasizes “comprehensive dominance” in traditional domains (air, land, and sea) as well as space, cyber, psychological warfare, and the electromagnetic spectrum. The study notes that dominance across domains is framed by a Chinese military theory that victory is predicated on successfully waging ‘system destruction warfare’ to paralyze or destroy an enemy’s systems.The theory further contends that integrated combat forces should be used in system versus system operations that feature information dominance, precision strikes, and joint operations, according to the RAND study. “

America’s adversaries are more diligent in seeking EMS dominance.

“China is taking steps to enhance its capabilities to use the EMS through strategic, organizational, and training advances. Meanwhile, Russian electromagnetic warfare forces, described by the Defense Intelligence Agency as ‘world class,’ have demonstrated their effectiveness through successful real-world applications against U.S. and foreign militaries.”

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To the rulers in Beijing, EMS dominance is real, practical, and current. The Report found that China’s words and actions indicate they have moved beyond the theoretical to the practical.

“In a 2019 report to Congress, DOD noted that Chairman Xi Jinping has articulated a strategic vision to create a force that dominates all networks, uses information operations to control a conflict in its early stages, and that enables China’s ability to perform in the electromagnetic spectrum as part of joint military operations.

^“The DOD report also recognized China’s strategic vision by noting that China emphasizes EW dominance by suppressing, degrading, disrupting, or deceiving enemy electronic equipment. This includes targeting adversary systems that operate in radio, radar, microwave, infrared, and optical frequency ranges, as well as computer and information systems.”

China has taken specific steps toward the realization of their EMS strategic vision.

What’s at stake? The Pentagon warns that Without control of the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS)—the natural range of frequencies that support various warfighting functions such as communications, navigation, and weapons usage—DOD risks losing control of the battlefield. DOD conducts specific EMS operations (EMSO)—such as electromagnetic warfare (EW)—but also relies on the EMS for many other uses even as these operations have placed increasingly complex demands on the spectrum. The U.S. military’s operations in all domains— air, land, sea, space, and cyber—depend on the ability to use and control the EMS. However, technological advances could result in EMS dependent capabilities being among the first to be targeted in a conflict.

Illustration: DoD

Quick Analysis

Putin’s Saber Rattling

Earlier this week, President Biden reversed his 2022 decision, authorizing the provision of antipersonnel land mines to the Ukrainian government. It follows an earlier Administration authorization to allow the use of an advanced American missile system capable of striking as deep as 100 miles inside Russian territory. The US election season may be ending, but both Russia and the West show no indication of stepping down the conflict. Russian propaganda continues to swell as the Kremlin increases its threats to use nuclear weapons against the West. Last week Andrey Sushentsov, program director of the pro-Kremlin think tank Valdai Discussion Club (VDC), published an article on growing nuclear tensions in the region. Official Russian language in the last few years has been threatening. Since the US election, rhetoric like that in the Sushentsov article, has approached the level of nuclear blackmail. The VDC article’s main theme centers on Russia’s intent to directly confront the West militarily if the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) becomes involved in Russia’s conflict with Ukraine. “On the one hand, these threats are intended to frighten the West, but on the other, Russian propagandists themselves are starting to believe in the inevitability of escalation,” according to Ksenia Kirillova of the Jamestown Foundation. On November 11, Sushentsov wrote that “The conflict will reach a completely new level, with unpredictable consequences for Europe and the entire world.” Kirillova points out that Putin’s distorted image of the world is divorced from reality and is causing the Kremlin to issue demands that are impossible to fulfill. Financial and other Russian resources needed to support Putin’s war are growing scarcer at the same time. This week the Kremlin announced a reduction of payments to its soldiers. Recently North Korea acknowledged it was sending soldiers to fight in Ukraine as Putin is running out of bodies to use as cannon fire. The war is not going well for Russia. One question floating around the Washington intelligence community is whether Putin will act out of desperation before President-elect Trump assumes office. In recent months the Russian propaganda machine is spewing out materials from fairly reputable analytical platforms inside the country. Kirillova says that “Kremlin ‘experts’ do not conceal that such threats are only intended to break the West psychologically, as they themselves are not prepared for full-scale nuclear war.” Despite Russia’s lack of preparation for an all-out war with the West, the expanding nuclear rhetoric carries with it an increase in the threat of a full-scale war in multiple theaters of operation. In June 2023 a founder of the Russian Council on Foreign and Defense Policy, Sergey Karaganov, called for “delivering a pre-emptive strike of retaliation” on Poland to force the West to surrender. In the previous month, Dmitry Suslov, a direct of research programs at the policy center proposed organizing “a demonstration nuclear explosion” aimed at intimidating the West. In September, President Putin announced a reappraisal of Russian nuclear doctrine after speaking earlier in the year at the plenary session of the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum and jokingly calling Suslov a “scary person.” Pavel Baev, writing in the European Daily Monitor, says “Putin intends his announcement to mark an escalation of nuclear brinkmanship and influence the proceedings of future Ukrainian peace efforts.” Putin is expanding the list of environmental conditions that are acceptable for using a nuclear weapon and incorporating it into Russian military doctrine. Baev adds that “The ups and downs of Russian brinkmanship are disconnected from the kinetic battles of the war, correlating instead with Ukrainian peace offensives, such as Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy’s first peace summit in Bürgenstock, Switzerland.” Despite the increase in vitriolic language, in a You Tube video published a week before the US presidential election, Karaganov openly assured the West the primary goal of the escalation is to break the American spirit and that of the West, not outright nuclear war. By Election Day in the US, with political prognosticators predicting a win for former president Trump, Karaganov changed his tune and called for an increased role in nuclear deterrence. Kirillova points out that Western concessions to Russia are unlikely to reduce the risk of nuclear escalation. The distorted reality inside the Kremlin continues to push that President-elect Trump is an adherent of “world government,” that Ukraine will create a nuclear weapon, and Russia must prepare for a nuclear conflagration to achieve its ambitions for a new world order. President-elect Trump has indicated he will not agree to concessions that destabilize Europe, the Middle East or other regions. Going forward a strong US foreign policy may be the most stabilizing course the West can count on to restrain Putin and his intent to rebuild the Russian empire. Daria Novak served in the U.S. State Dept. Illustration: Pixabay

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