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The U.S. Space Force’s Mission

President Trump initiated the new United States Space Force.  How will this sixth branch of our armed forces take shape? How will it operate? This month, Stephen L. Kitay, the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Space Policy, in a Mitchell Institute address, responded to these key questions.  We provide key excerpts:

We now have a United States Space Force as a sixth branch of the armed force authorized and appropriated in law. 

This is an idea that is rooted in ensuring our nation is postured to win in an era of great power competition. It is also an idea that is rooted in ensuring the members of the other five branches of our Armed Forces – our Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, Marines, Coast Guardsmen – have what they need to do their missions to protect us.   It is an idea that is rooted in assuring our economy and our way of life.  Ultimately, this is what the Space Force is about.  The Space Force will ensure our nation has the trained and ready military members and capabilities to deliver the space power necessary to meet current threats and outpace future ones.   

We are in the midst of the most significant transformation in the history of the U.S. national security space program.  Now we must deliver on the opportunities this transformation makes possible.

Our evolving Defense Space Strategy is focused on implementing the Department’s National Defense Strategy which ensures our military is postured for long-term, strategic competition.  It also builds upon the President’s 2018 National Strategy for Space, which provides a whole of government approach for US leadership in the critical domain of space.  

Today we are called upon to: maintain superiority in space, provide space support, and ensure stability throughout space.  I will talk about what we mean by each of these.

First, Maintain Superiority in Space: For decades, we have supported the warfighter from space, providing services vital to forward presence, power projection, and combat.  

We have also supported national leadership in making some of the most sensitive and consequential decisions imaginable.  Now here’s what is changing – actions in space may determine the outcome of future conflicts.  The ability of our potential adversaries to deny space capabilities may prove decisive, and we must therefore be able to provide for freedom of operations in space.  That includes being able to defend U.S., and as directed, allied, partner, and commercial assets, to secure the domain.  This is a new mission area that is getting tremendous priority in the Department. 

Next, Provide Support from Space:  As you have heard said many times, our transformation is not space for space’s sake.  Instead, our actions in space tie to life here on earth – to enable national leadership and the joint warfighter, and to ensure that the United States is able to leverage space to generate, project, and employ power on a global scale, and across the spectrum of conflict.  That mission of providing support from space is now more important than ever.

Lastly, Ensure Stability throughout Space:  The US does not seek conflict in space any more than we seek conflict on earth.  But just as on earth, that means we must be prepared for the possibility of conflict in space in order to deter it.  To ensure stability, we must maintain a persistent presence, and provide for safe transit in, to, and through space.  

The United States must also lead the way on being good stewards of this domain, as we have the most to lose from instability in the domain and from degradation of the space environment.  

Both sea and space act as indispensable sources and conduits of national power, prosperity, and prestige.  Sea power has long provided the United States with incomparable access to trade, communications, and cross-domain power projection.  

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Sea power has also been an important component of American diplomacy.  This wide array of interests at sea creates a unique mission set for the Navy: not only does the Navy achieve domain superiority and provide vital support to air and land during conflict; the Navy must also preserve stability and access to Sea Lines of Communication during peace.

More and more, space reflects this reality.  The daily rhythm of life in this country, and across the globe, already depends in many ways on space-based capabilities.  This trend will only grow from here.  Increased investment, decreasing costs, and unprecedented demand have caused tremendous growth in the commercial space industry.  Industry is projected not just to match but double, even triple, the number of active satellites in the coming decade.  That is game changing in the space environment.  With this change, the U.S. national security space program must take on its own three-part mission: while in crisis, we must prepare to gain space superiority in order to provide critical space-based capabilities to terrestrial forces; in peace, we must maintain stability, security and access to key regions of space for both our way of warfare and way of life.  So the first way to think differently is embracing both originality and joint principles. 

Our space professionals may be a relatively small group of about 15,000 people within the Department of Defense – but I can tell you that their power is mighty.  This is an elite group of the brightest minds who are technologists, warfighters, strategists, and partners who underpin our national security, our 20 trillion dollar national economy, and billions of people’s lives every single day. As we setup our new organizations we have to ensure that we are not creating unnecessary layers of bureaucracy AND we have to ensure there is clear alignment of accountability and roles and responsibilities.  As we empower, we have to provide clear guidance and enterprise alignment, and prudent oversight to enable a culture of speed and innovation.  

We have to partner.  And when I say partner, I mean with our interagency colleagues, with our international allies and partners, and with the private sector.  In my current position, I have the honor to lead our international space activities, and in just the past few weeks I’ve met with leaders from four close allies.  Along with six nations (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom), we will set our combined operational and strategic objectives for the year ahead.  At the end of the month, I will be in Tokyo for meetings with the government of Japan.  

The message from all of our allies and partners in these venues is clear and consistent – they recognize the importance of space, they are concerned by the growing threats in the domain, and they are ready to work together.  It’s fascinating, and opens up tremendous opportunities.  We recognize that in any domain we never fight alone, and space must be no different.  

So we’ve spoken about the largest transformation in national security space and elements we need to achieve in this transformation, and then some keys to success on how to think differently.

I interact daily and have already met great innovative and bold thinkers who have brought us the successes of this past year, and I hope we have many more successes to come.  At the end of the day, the changes I’ve discussed here—especially the ability to think differently—is all about the men and women who helped bring these organizations into existence, and those who will make up their ranks.  It is about people in institutions like this group today who provide a forum to cultivate new ideas and hold us accountable to sound strategic thinking.  We must capture the innovative spirit that allowed 2019 to be a historic year for U.S. space power—capture it in our doctrine, strategy, and training—in order to ensure the U.S. national security space enterprise is the forward-leaning and responsive force we need.

In fact, with the power of an idea, and the power of a team, and the power to think differently there is no stopping us. 

Illustration: U.S. Space Force Logo

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Space Priorities

Secretary of the Air Force Barbara M. Barrett said Feb. 27 that successfully launching the Space Force while also modernizing the Air Force, strengthening ties with allies and partners and ensuring a culture of trust for Airmen and their families are the priorities that will drive the service into a successful future.

“Our priorities can be summed up simply,” Barrett told an audience of more than 2,000 Airmen, industry officials and retirees at the Air Force Association’s Air Warfare Symposium.

“We need a modern, smart, connected, strong, Air and Space Force to deter and defend against aggression and to preserve precious freedom and peace,” Barrett said in one of her most high-profile appearances since becoming secretary. “We have that in the United States Department of the Air Force today.”

Space systems underpin virtually every weapon system in the Defense Department’s arsenal, a senior DOD official told Congress.

 But many systems were designed for an era when there were fewthreats in space, Dr. James H. Anderson, performing the duties of deputy undersecretary of defense for policy, said today at a hearing of the House Armed Services Committee’s strategic forces subcommittee. This is not the case today, he added, as China and Russia both seek to be able to deny the United States and its allies the advantages of space.

China and Russia are developing sophisticated on-orbit capabilities and an array of counter-space weapons capable of targeting nearly every class of U.S. space asset, Anderson told the House panel. They are expanding their space capabilities, he said, and have created military space forces that they are training and equipping to prevail in future crises and conflicts.

The United States is responding by “transforming its space enterprise, fielding resilient architectures, developing space warfighting expertise and working closely with allies in combined operations,” he said.

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The fiscal year 2021 defense budget request provides $18 billion for space programs, including $111 million to support stand-up of the U.S. Space Force, Anderson said. It also provides funding for the new space combatant command — U.S. Space Command — and the Space Development Agency, which will accelerate the development and fielding of military space capabilities necessary to ensure U.S. and allied technological and military advantages.

In his written testimony, Anderson said the United States is actively pursuing opportunities with allies and partners to build combined space operations and interoperable, or even integrated, architecture. The flagship of this integration is the Combined Space Operations Center at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, with embedded British, Canadian and Australian exchange personnel working side by side with U.S. personnel.

“We have recently added Germany and France to the Combined Space Operations initiative,” he noted.

Space Force Gen. John W. “Jay” Raymond, chief of space operations, also testified.

“We can no longer assume that our space superiority is a given,” he said. “If deterrence fails, we must be ready to fight for space superiority.”

U.S. Space Command, along with the Space Force will deter aggression from conflict and do so from a position of strength, the general said. “Accordingly,” he added, “we will remain ready to defend U.S. and allied freedom of action in space. We will deliver space combat power for the joint and coalition force and we’re going to develop joint warfighters to serve in, to and from the space domain.”

Photo: Secretary of the Air Force Barbara Barrett delivers remarks during the Air Force Association’s Air Warfare Symposium in Orlando, Fla., Feb. 27, 2020. The three-day event is a professional development forum that offers the opportunity for Department of Defense personnel to participate in forums, speeches, seminars and workshops with defense industry professionals. (U.S. Air Force photo by Wayne Clark)

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Space Force Established

2020 will finally see the establishment of the U.S. Space Force, an idea that had been postponed for some time.

On December 20, the President signed the 2020 National Defense Authorization Act and with it, directed the establishment of the U.S. Space Force as the sixth branch of the armed forces.

 “We are at the dawn of a new era for our Nation’s Armed Forces.  The establishment of the U.S. Space Force is an historic event and a strategic imperative for our Nation.  Space has become so important to our way of life, our economy, and our national security that we must be prepared as a Nation to protect it from hostile actions,” said Secretary of Defense, Mark T. Esper.  “Our Military Services have created the world’s best space capabilities.  Now is the time for the U.S. Space Force to lead our Nation in preparing for emerging threats in an evolving space environment.  This new service will help ensure we are postured to deter aggression, defend our national interests and outpace potential adversaries.”

 “Space is critical to our nation’s economic interests, national security, and way of life,” said Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Gen. Mark A. Milley.  “In military operations, space is not just a place from which we support combat operations in other domains, but a warfighting domain in and of itself.  Our adversaries are building and deploying capabilities to threaten us, so we can no longer take space for granted.  The U.S. Space Force is the necessary and essential step our Nation will take to defend our national interests in space today and into the future.”

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“The launch of the U.S. Space Force propels the nation into a new era,” said Secretary of the Air Force, Barbara M. Barrett.  “An agile, lean and technologically-advanced force of talented professionals will now singularly focus on protecting our U.S. national interests and security in space.”

“With the establishment of the Space Force we elevate the organize, train and equip function consistent with the criticality of the space domain,” said Gen. Jay Raymond, Chief of Space Operations and Commander, U.S. Space Command.  “The U.S. Space Force will deliver the capabilities U.S. Space Command needs to control and exploit space for national advantage.”

According to the Air Force Times, and civilians who work at Air Force Space Command will be assigned to the Space Force, but nothing else will change.  “Uniforms, a rank structure, training and education are all to be determined, and for the foreseeable future, Space Force will continue to be manned by airmen, wearing, Air Force uniforms, subject to that service’s fitness program, personnel system and so on.” The relationship between the Air Force and the Space Command will be similar to that of the Marine Corps to the Navy.

In a speech at Hillsdale University, Lieutenant General Steven L. Kwast, the commander of the Air Education and Training Command at the San Antonio-Randolph Base in Texas noted “The power of space will change world power forever.” Kwast’s call for a Space Force was urgent, arguing that “…if China becomes dominant in space they will put roadblocks in place for the countries that come after them. Whoever gets there first will have the ultimate strategic high ground…They are building that infrastructure. They are unapologetic about it, and they plan on declaring victory as the dominant world power in space at the Communist regime’s 100-year anniversary, 2049.”

Aside from the obvious defense implications, keeping space safe from aggressive powers is an urgent national economic imperative.  A study from the Bureau of Economic Analysis notes that In the United States, the FAA estimated the U.S. space industry was valued at approximately $158 billion in 2016. The DOC Bureau of Industry and Security estimated employment for the “U.S. space industrial base” was over 2.6 million workers in 2012. A report by Aerospace Industries and Association estimated that “space systems” within the aerospace and defense industries contributed $39 billion to U.S. economic output in 2018.

Illustration: U.S. Space Command