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An Alternative to Hate

 

An intra-Moslem dispute is coming to a head as followers of  Muhammed Fethullah Gülen are targeted by the Turkish government.

Many Moslems follow the teachings of Gülen, a Turkish Islamic preacher who founded the Gülen movement and the Alliance for Shared Values. He currently resides in the U.S. His tolerant message is deeply resented by extremists, including Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who has demanded the US extradite him. Erdogan, who has sought to end secular rule and who may have engineered the recent failed coup in an attempt to justify a harsh crackdown on political rivals, has blamed Gulen for the aborted attempt.

As religious and ethnic strife expands exponentially across the globe, today’s commemoration of the birthday of the late Mother Teresa and her upcoming canonization as a Catholic saint on September 4 offer an alternative vision. The soon-to-be saints’ legacy is emblematic of the nation that gave her birth, a country that, like America, offers an optimistic view of how people of different faiths can live together.

Mother Teresa’s vision may have an impact on geopolitical relations.

The soon-to-be Saint’s extraordinary dedication to the poor and downtrodden was not based solely on a dedication to her religious faith.  Throughout her life, she bravely wrestled with significant doubts about the presence of God in a world filled with suffering.

Despite that, her profound belief in the concepts of right and wrong, the personal obligations each human has to others whatever their religious or ethnic background, and that every man and woman, no matter how great or humble their circumstances, can make a difference, drove her to achieve extraordinary accomplishments.
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She travelled far from her native Albania to service those in need. Her efforts began in India, providing assistance and comfort to those most desperately in need and furthest from society’s reach.

It is not a coincidence that Mother Teresa was born in Albania, a nation with a population that served as a figurative island of heroism and tolerance during a period when it’s oppressed population was held captive by Nazis and Communists.  Christians, Jews and Moslems came together to battle the atrocities, subjugation, and hatred that foreign powers imposed on them.

During World War II, Albanians distinguished themselves in their efforts to protect Jews from Nazi invaders. A CNN report  notes thatAccording to Yad Vashem, the Israeli museum that holds the world’s largest repository of documents and information related to the Holocaust, there is not a single known case of a Jew being turned over to Nazi authorities in Albania during its occupation…Incredibly, Albania’s Jewish population actually grew during World War II. The reason so little is known about Albania’s unique role during the Holocaust has a lot to do with the country’s post-war history. Once the war was over, Albania fell under communist control and spent the next half-century behind the Iron Curtain.”

Almost 10% of the nation’s entire population was left homeless as a result of the war. Suffering continued when Serbian authorities engaged in ethnic cleansing against Albanians, which only ended when their forces were expelled in 1999.

Newsweek  reports that “In the aftermath of the Paris killings… the tolerant religious climate in Albania is drawing interest…Albanians are half-flattered and half-amused by their country’s newfound reputation as one of the few places where different faiths get along. ..Besar Likmeta, a journalist in Tirana, who follows religious affairs, says the failure of hard-line Islamists to recruit much of a following in Albania has much to do with the nation’s ‘foundation myth’. Albanians believe their country ‘was taken away from Europe and plunged into darkness by the Ottoman Empire – and that Islam was associated with that’, he says. One result, even among believing Muslims, is a deep-rooted Occidentalism that the Communist experience did little to alter: ‘For 50 years we were completely isolated and dreaming of Coca Cola! We don’t look East for answers but West. There has always been a feeling that [Albanians] need to return to where we belong.”

It is not a coincidence that Albanians have an afinity for the United States. The love affair extends back to the end of the First World War, when President Wilson unsuccessfully but vigorously sought to insure the territorial integrity of an independent homeland for Albanians.

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Coup in Turkey: A Revolt against Islamic Authoritarianism?

The wrong side may have won in the attempted coup against the increasingly authoritarian rule of President Recep Tayyip Erdogn in Turkey.  Erdogan’s concept of political freedom is best symbolized by his saying that “Democracy is a bus ride…once I get to my stop, I’m getting off.”

Over 160 people had been killed during the fighting, with many additional injuries. Prime Minister Benali Yildirim announced the arrest of  2,839 people.

Since his controversial re-election in 2014, (he first came to power in 2002) Erdogan has run roughshod over the rights of Turkish citizens and pursued a course of turning the formerly secular Turkish nation into one that more closely resembled a strong-man government with theocratic overtones. Despite 10% unemployment, he recently built a palatial presidential estate.

His background is heavily Islamist, joining the religious movement as a college student. In 1999, he spent four months in jail for “religious incitement.” The BBC  notes that he has also publicly read a poem stating: “The mosques are our barracks, the domes our helmets, the minarets our bayonets and the faithful our soldiers.”

Erdogan’s 2014 re-election itself raised a number of issues. There were significant indications that the results were predetermined. Examples of foul play included a lack of coverage of opposition candidates by the state media, ballots pre-printed with Erdogan’s name, suppression of opposition campaigns, and internet bias issues.

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He has brutally moved to put down protests, including a large event in Istanbul three years ago. The BBC reported that Erdogan vowed to “wipe out” independent sources that were critical of his actions, including Twitter.

Does Erdogan seek to turn his nation into another radical Islamic state? The Middle East journal Al-Monitor provides this analysis: “The more likely future for Turkey is not a Sharia-imposing Islamic state, but a more conservative state re-designed in the image of the AKP. [Erdogan’s political party.] Keep in mind that the latter-day ideology of the party is not simply ‘Islamism’ after all, but ‘Erdoganism,’ in which Islamism is indeed an important theme, but not the only theme. This would not put Turkey on the path to becoming another Iran or Saudi Arabia, as Turkey’s secularists fear, but it could lead in the direction of another Russia, where a similar ideology, ‘Putinism,’ rules. As the journalist Fareed Zakaria astutely observed, Putinism consists of five fundamentals: religion, nationalism, social conservatism, state capitalism and government media control. ‘Returning to the values of religion’ — in particular Orthodox Christianity — is a powerful theme in Putin’s agenda, with a global vision of ‘protecting persecuted Christians all over the world.’ Replace ‘Christian’ with ‘Muslim,’ and one has Turkey’s ruling ideology.”

A National Post review notes: “Erdogan is turning his country into an Islam-tilted dictatorship. Eight years ago, 300,000 secularist Turks waved banners showing Atatürk’s picture [Ataturk was the first president of Turkey, who established a secular state that made his nation perhaps the most successful government in the Moslem world] as they demonstrated against Erdogan’s increasingly Islamic agenda. Nevertheless, Erdogan has remained popular.”

Although Turkey is a member of NATO, under Erdogan the nations’ formerly pro-western foreign policy has changed. He has been a harsh critic of Israel, and has, noted Fox commentator Ralph Peters, engaged in actions which hampered American activities in the Middle East. Although officially in opposition to ISIS, much of the resources ostensibly devoted to anti-ISIS action are actually devoted to combatting Kurds, a significant ally of the west in the fight against ISIS.

The Turkish army has traditionally been the guardian of the nation’s secular constitution, and has been seen as check on Erdogan’s power.  Some analysts have speculated that the failed coup, which was curiously poorly planned and organized, may have actually been instituted by Erdogan himself as a means to justify the arrest of military leaders–and arrest them he has. Various news reports indicate that many thousands of anti-Erdogan Turkish citizens have been detained.