25th Amendment – USA Gov Policy

This article was written by the distinguished retired judge, John H. Wilson

Like any author seeking to generate interest in his new book, former acting FBI Director Andrew McCabe is making the rounds of talk shows. Famously fired from the FBI for a “lack of candor,” Mr. McCabe has claimed in a recent interview with 60 Minutes that Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein was “recruiting Cabinet members to invoke the 25th Amendment to remove President Donald Trump from office.”

Deputy AG Rosenstein has repeatedly denied these allegations. However, as far back as last September, it was alleged that Mr. Rosenstein offered to “wear a wire” and record his conversations with President Trump while at the same time, recruiting Cabinet Members to support a move to have the President declared unfit for office. In his most recent comments to 60 Minutes, Mr. McCabe states that Mr. Rosenstein had the support of both the then-Attorney General and the then-Director of Homeland Security.

These allegations have been described as an attempt at a “coup d’etat,” most notably by renowned attorney Alan Dershowitz. But before we get too excited about this evidence for the existence of a “deep state,” it would be beneficial to examine the language of the 25th Amendment to the United States Constitution.

The idea of presidential succession in the event of the incapacity of the President is actually a relatively recent development in American history. Under Article II, Section 1, clause 6 of the US Constitution, “in case of removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President.” In 1967, after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, there arose a concern that the Constitution did not provide for any method to be followed in the event that the President was deemed to be incapacitated. The 25th Amendment was ratified to answer this concern.

Under Article 1 of the Amendment, “In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.” Section 2 gives the President the authority to nominate a Vice President, subject to a majority vote of both houses of the Congress. Section 3 allows the President to notify both the President Pro Temp of the Senate and the Speaker of the House that he is “unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office,” and provides for the Vice President to serve as an “Acting President” Your doctor will be able to advise you order cheap cialis out of your problem once and for all. We all know that sales cialis one aspect impact of medications is sleeplessness. Drugs used for the treatment cost of viagra pills include: Benzodiazepine-based sedatives Non-benzodiazepine medications like eszopiclone (Lunesta), zaleplon (Sonata), and zolpidem (Ambien) Melatonin supplements if it is caused by different factors that include heart disease, obesity, etc. Slipping might be the result of go now cialis prescription over oiling. until such time as the President is recovered. https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxxv

Section 3 of the 25th Amendment was invoked “on July 13, 1985, when President Ronald Reagan sent a letter directing then-Vice President George H.W. Bush to perform his duties while the president underwent a surgery to remove cancerous polyps from his colon. Bush was acting president from 11:28 a.m. when Reagan was given general anesthesia to 7:22 p.m. when Reagan sent another letter to members of the Senate and resumed his powers.”

Section 4 of the 25th Amendment is the one Mr. Rosenstein is alleged to have sought to invoke. It reads “Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President.”

There then follows a complicated series of steps and countermoves to be taken after the Vice President and a majority of the Cabinet stage their coup. The President is entitled to contradict the assertion that he is unfit for office, but the Vice President and his accomplices may repeat their position that the President is unable to discharge his duties, at which point, Congress must decide the issue by a two-thirds vote of both houses.

Despite the serious nature of Mr. McCabe’s allegations, there is one crucial factor missing from the “Rosenstein plot” – the participation of Vice President Mike Pence. At all pertinent points, Section 4 of the 25th Amendment states that “the Vice President AND a majority” of the Cabinet may act. In a recent interview with the Vice President, not only does he deny any talks about the 25th Amendment with anyone, he asked the interviewer “why would we be?”

Thus, even if we are to believe that the Deputy Director of the FBI had discussed invoking the 25th Amendment with two Cabinet members, both of whom agreed with the idea, unless Mr. Rosenstein had the support of Vice President Mike Pence, this nascent coup d’etat was nothing more than a stillbirth, living only in the imagination of President Trump’s enemies and detractors.

Photo: Andrew McCabe (FBI official photo)

Quick Analysis

Ukraine’s Frozen Conflict

As we approach winter in the northern hemisphere, the war in Ukraine is beginning to resemble a “frozen conflict” from many perspectives. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky recently told the media he hopes the war will end faster once President-elect Trump takes over in January. Opinions in Moscow, however, differ from that of the Ukrainian leader. Russian President Vladimir Putin argues that the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) needs to exclude Ukraine from joining in “exchange” for peace. If it does not, he says, then no end to the war is in sight. So far there is no Christmas solution. Several NATO countries, according to Vladimir Socor of the Jamestown Foundation, are tentatively considering “coalitions-of-the-willing” to provide security for Ukraine outside of the formal NATO framework. There is, however, no collective mechanism today under which such an arrangement is viable. According to the NATO Charter, while Ukraine is a NATO partner country, it may not join as a full member since it has not fulfilled the requirements for membership. That has not stopped NATO and allies from continuing “to provide Ukraine with unprecedented levels of support, helping to uphold its fundamental right to self-defence,” according to the organization. Socor says that keeping Ukraine out of NATO will not advance peace with Russia. Waiting for a peace settlement, he suggests, would only serve to encourage Moscow to continue the war indefinitely. Although the Biden Administration officially withdrew its support for Ukrainian membership in 2021, NATO maintains an “open door” policy toward membership-seeking countries. The current White House position led the way for European states to oppose Ukraine’s membership saying that a decision should be delayed until “conditions are met.” Biden pushed for changing “open door” to a “bridge” metaphor. It is not intended as an across-the-board NATO policy and has been implemented in the past on a case-by-case basis, says Socor. “The alliance’s open-door policy was not fully insulated from Russia’s non-statutory blocking power, and NATO-aspirant countries’ path toward membership was not always irreversible.” Russia has successfully blocked states like Georgia from joining, first in 2008 and again after the war in Ukraine began in 2014. Russia recognizes the value add of Ukraine to NATO is enormous and that Kyiv has a better case than some other nations. Putin’s invasion was, in part, intended to foreclose that option. By 2021, Moscow was pushing hard to maximize its war objectives, which included further annexations of Ukrainian territory. A main goal for Putin was, and is, to ensure there is no Ukraine left to join NATO. As President-elect Trump prepares to assume office in January, he is faced with the historical challenges presented by the war. Post-conflict security guarantees were the center of several proposals made during the 2023 military stalemate. The incoming Trump Administration has yet to outline how it intends to handle the Russia-Ukraine war. Analysts in Washington believe that the new Administration will expect its European allies to guarantee the majority of Ukraine’s security needs. As we approach 2025, several European nations have acknowledged that they do not view Ukraine as eligible for NATO membership as it would draw the organization into the middle of the conflict. Others want to wait until the war is over or pending a “peace” settlement before considering Ukrainian membership. Socor reports that some “influential voices” are suggesting that “Kyiv should join NATO after “freezing” the war along a stable armistice line, de facto accepting Ukraine’s partition, with NATO security guarantees applying de jure to the government-controlled territory only.” This would mean starting accession talks soon with the actual talks to commence only after a ceasefire is in place. Trump arrives in Washington at a time when Putin’s hybrid strategies of war in Ukraine have eviscerated commonly-held differences between war and peace. “Absent a political consensus in NATO over Ukrainian membership, certain European allies, including France’s President Emmanuel Macron, are holding informal consultations about post-conflict security guarantees to Kyiv by NATO members outside of NATO’s framework,” according to the Jamestown Foundation. The Biden Administration downplayed the discussions on possible forms of military assistance and defense industry cooperation by sending only an Assistant Secretary of State. For a European peace to hold the Trump Administration would need to formally extend the United States’ nuclear deterrence to Ukraine. Options under discussion in Europe include a “coalition of the resolute” to deploy forces to Ukraine as part of a possible armistice package, deterring further Russian attacks, says Secor. European officials are also debating, without any agreement, whether its military forces could perform non-combat logistical roles to free Ukrainian forces to fight. None of the possible courses of action has moved forward as all eyes are waiting on the incoming Trump Administration for clues about its intended level of support for a NATO framework and other non-NATO proposals. Daria Novak served in the U.S. State Dept.